Asalin gilashin an samo shi ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan duwatsun acidic da aka fitar daga duwatsu masu aman wuta. Kusan 3700 BC, Masarawa na dā sun yi kayan ado na gilashi da kayan gilashi masu sauƙi. A lokacin, akwai gilashin launi kawai. Kimanin 1000 BC, kasar Sin ta yi gilashi mara launi. A cikin karni na 12 AD, gilashin kasuwanci ya bayyana kuma ya fara zama kayan masana'antu. A cikin karni na 18, don saduwa da bukatun haɓaka na'urorin hangen nesa, an samar da gilashin gani. A 1873, Belgium ta fara samar da gilashin lebur. A cikin 1906, Amurka ta samar da gilashin lebur wanda ke kaiwa ga injin. Tun daga wannan lokacin, tare da masana'antu da kuma samar da gilashi mai girma, gilashin amfani da kayayyaki daban-daban sun fito daya bayan daya. A zamanin yau, gilashin ya zama abu mai mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullum, samarwa, da kimiyya da fasaha.
Nau'in gilashi yawanci ana raba shi zuwa gilashin oxide da gilashin mara-oxide bisa ga manyan abubuwan. Akwai 'yan nau'i da yawa na gilashin da ba oxide ba, galibi gilashin chalcogenide da gilashin halide. Anions na gilashin chalcogenide galibi sulfur ne, selenium, tellurium, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya yanke haske mai ɗan gajeren zango ya wuce rawaya, haske ja, da haske na kusa da nesa. Yana da ƙananan juriya kuma yana da sauyawa da kaddarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Gilashin Halide yana da ƙananan maƙasudin refractive da ƙarancin watsawa, kuma galibi ana amfani dashi azaman gilashin gani.
Gilashin oxide ya kasu kashi silicate gilashin, gilashin borate, gilashin phosphate da sauransu. Gilashin silicate yana nufin gilashin wanda asalinsa shine SiO 2, wanda ke da nau'ikan iri da yawa da aikace-aikace masu yawa. Yawancin lokaci bisa ga daban-daban abun ciki na SiO 2 da alkali karfe da alkaline duniya karfe oxides a cikin gilashin, shi ne zuwa kashi: ① Quartz gilashin. SiO 2 abun ciki ya fi girma fiye da 99.5%, ƙananan haɓaka haɓaka haɓakar thermal, babban juriya na zafin jiki, kyakkyawar kwanciyar hankali sinadarai, hasken ultraviolet da watsa hasken infrared, babban narkewar zafin jiki, babban danko, da gyare-gyare mai wahala. Ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin semiconductor, hanyoyin hasken lantarki, sadarwa na gani, lasers da sauran fasaha da kayan aikin gani. ② Gilashin siliki mai girma. Abubuwan da ke cikin SiO 2 kusan 96% ne, kuma kaddarorinsa sun yi kama da na gilashin quartz. ③ Soda lemun tsami gilashi. Ya ƙunshi SiO 2 kuma ya ƙunshi 15% Na 2 O da 16% CaO. Yana da ƙarancin farashi, mai sauƙin siffa, ya dace da samarwa mai girma, kuma abin da aka fitar ya kai kashi 90% na gilashin aiki. Yana iya samar da gilashin gilashi, gilashin lebur, kayan aiki, kwararan fitila, da sauransu. ④ Gilashin silicate na gubar. Babban abubuwan da aka gyara sune SiO 2 da PbO, waɗanda ke da mafi girman ƙididdiga mai ƙarfi da juriya mai girma, kuma suna da kyau wettability tare da karafa. Ana iya amfani da su don yin kwararan fitila, injin bututu mai tushe, gilashin gilashin crystalline, gilashin gani na flint, da sauransu. Gilashin gubar mai ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na PbO na iya toshe haskoki X da γ-haskoki. Gilashin Aluminosilicate. Tare da SiO 2 da Al 2 O 3 a matsayin manyan abubuwan da aka gyara, yana da babban zafin jiki mai laushi kuma ana amfani dashi don yin kwararan fitila, ma'aunin zafi da zafi na gilashi, tubes konewa na sinadarai da gilashin gilashi. Gilashin Borosilicate. Tare da SiO 2 da B 2 O 3 a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, yana da kyakkyawan juriya na zafi da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai. Ana amfani da shi don yin kayan dafa abinci, kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, gilashin walda na ƙarfe, da sauransu. Gilashin Borate galibi ya ƙunshi B 2 O 3, yana da ƙarancin narkewa kuma yana iya tsayayya da lalata ta sodium tururi. Gilashin borate mai ƙunshe da abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya yana da babban ma'anar refractive da ƙarancin tarwatsewa. Wani sabon nau'in gilashin gani ne. Gilashin phosphate yana amfani da P 2 O 5 a matsayin babban sashi, yana da ƙananan ƙididdigewa da ƙarancin watsawa, kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan aikin gani.
Bugu da kari, gilashin da aka raba zuwa toughened gilashin, porous gilashin (watau, kumfa gilashin, tare da wani pore size of game da 40, amfani da ruwan teku desalination, cutar tacewa, da dai sauransu) bisa ga yi halaye, conductive gilashin (amfani da lantarki da jirgin sama). gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashi, gilashin Opal (an yi amfani da na'urori masu haske da kayan ado, da dai sauransu) da gilashin gilashi (amfani da gilashin kofa da taga), da dai sauransu.
Tsarin samarwa Babban kayan albarkatun don samar da gilashi sune jikin da ke samar da gilashi, gyare-gyaren gilashi da tsaka-tsakin gilashi, sauran su ne kayan taimako. Babban albarkatun kasa suna magana ne akan oxides da aka gabatar a cikin gilashin don samar da hanyar sadarwa, oxides na tsaka-tsaki da kuma kashe-tsalle-tsalle; albarkatun albarkatun taimako sun haɗa da masu bayyanawa, sauye-sauye, masu sanya ido, masu canza launi, masu lalata, oxidants da rage wakilai.
Tsarin samar da gilashin ya ƙunshi: ①Tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ana murƙushe ƙullun dayan, an bushe dayan kayan da aka daɗe, sannan ana sarrafa kayan da ke da ƙarfe don cire ƙarfe don tabbatar da ingancin gilashin. ② Shiri kayan batch. ③Narkewa. Ana ɗora kayan batch ɗin gilashin a babban zafin jiki a cikin tanki mai tanki ko murhu don samar da uniform, gilashin ruwa mara kumfa wanda ya dace da buƙatun gyare-gyare. Ƙirƙira. Tsara gilashin ruwa zuwa samfuran sifofin da ake buƙata, kamar faranti, kayan aiki daban-daban, da sauransu. ⑤ Maganin zafi. Ta hanyar cirewa, quenching da sauran matakai, damuwa na ciki, rabuwa lokaci ko crystallization na gilashin za a iya kawar da shi ko haifar da shi, kuma za'a iya canza yanayin tsarin gilashin.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuni-03-2019