Ingilazi ekuqaleni yatholwa ekuqinisweni kwamadwala ane-asidi akhishwa ezintaba-mlilo. Cishe ngo-3700 BC, abaseGibhithe lasendulo babenze imihlobiso yengilazi kanye ne-glassware elula. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona ingilazi enemibala kuphela. Cishe ngo-1000 BC, iShayina yenza ingilazi engenambala. Ngekhulu le-12 AD, ingilazi yokuhweba yavela futhi yaqala ukuba yimpahla yezimboni. Ngekhulu le-18, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuthuthukisa izibonakude, kwakhiqizwa ingilazi ebonakalayo. Ngo-1873, iBelgium yaqala ukukhiqiza ingilazi eyisicaba. Ngo-1906, i-United States yakhiqiza ingilazi eyisicaba eholela emshinini. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusungulwa kwezimboni kanye nokukhiqizwa kwengilazi enkulu, ingilazi yokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kanye nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ziye zaphuma ngokulandelana. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ingilazi isiyinto ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukukhiqizwa, nesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Uhlobo lwengilazi luvame ukuhlukaniswa ngengilazi ye-oxide kanye nengilazi engeyona i-oxide ngokusho kwezingxenye eziyinhloko. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa nenani lengilazi engeyona i-oxide, ikakhulukazi ingilazi ye-chalcogenide nengilazi ye-halide. Ama-anion engilazi ye-chalcogenide iningi lawo yisibabule, i-selenium, i-tellurium, njll., enganqamula ukukhanya kwe-wavelength emifushane futhi idlule ukukhanya okuphuzi, okubomvu, nokukhanya okuseduze nokukude kwe-infrared. Inokumelana okuphansi futhi inezici zokushintsha nenkumbulo. Ingilazi ye-Halide inenkomba ephansi ye-refractive kanye nokuhlakazeka okuphansi, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu njengengilazi yokubona.
Ingilazi ye-oksidi ihlukaniswe ingilazi ye-silicate, ingilazi ye-borate, ingilazi ye-phosphate nokunye. Ingilazi ye-silicate ibhekisela engilazini ingxenye yayo eyisisekelo i-SiO 2, enezinhlobonhlobo eziningi nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi. Imvamisa ngokuya ngokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwe-SiO 2 kanye nensimbi ye-alkali nama-alkaline ensimbi yomhlaba endilazini, ihlukaniswa ngokuthi: ① Ingilazi yequartz. Okuqukethwe kwe-SiO 2 kukhulu kuno-99.5%, i-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa ukushisa okushisayo, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet nokudluliswa kokukhanya kwe-infrared, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elincibilikayo, i-viscosity ephezulu, nokubumba okunzima. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-semiconductors, imithombo yokukhanya kagesi, ukuxhumana optical, ama-lasers nobunye ubuchwepheshe nezinsimbi zokukhanya. ②Ingilazi ye-silica ephezulu. Okuqukethwe kwe-SiO 2 cishe ku-96%, futhi izakhiwo zayo zifana nalezo zengilazi ye-quartz. ③ Ingilazi ye-soda lime. Iqukethe ikakhulukazi i-SiO 2 futhi iqukethe no-15% Na 2 O kanye no-16% we-CaO. Inezindleko eziphansi, kulula ukuyibumba, ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elikhulu, futhi umphumela wayo ubiza u-90% wengilazi esebenzayo. Ingakhiqiza izimbiza zengilazi, ingilazi eyisicaba, izitsha, amalambu okukhanya, njll. ④ Ingilazi ye-silicate eholayo. Izingxenye eziyinhloko i-SiO 2 kanye ne-PbO, ezinenkomba ephezulu kakhulu ye-refractive kanye nokumelana nevolumu ephezulu, futhi zibe nokumanzisa okuhle ngezinsimbi. Zingasetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-bulb, iziqu ze-vacuum tube, i-crystalline glassware, ingilazi ye-flint optical, njll. Ingilazi yomthofu equkethe inani elikhulu le-PbO ingavimba ama-X-ray kanye nama-γ-ray. ⑤ Ingilazi ye-Aluminosilicate. Nge-SiO 2 kanye ne-Al 2 O 3 njengezingxenye eziyinhloko, inezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokuthambisa futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza izibani zokukhipha, ama-thermometer engilazi aphezulu, amashubhu omlilo wamakhemikhali nemicu yengilazi. ⑥Ingilazi ye-Borosilicate. Nge-SiO 2 kanye ne-B 2 O 3 njengezingxenye eziyinhloko, inokumelana nokushisa okuhle nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izitsha zokupheka, izinsimbi zaselabhorethri, ingilazi yensimbi yokushisela, njll. Ingilazi ye-Borate ikakhulukazi yakhiwa i-B 2 O 3, inezinga lokushisa eliphansi elincibilikayo, futhi ingakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala ngomhwamuko we-sodium. Ingilazi ye-borate equkethe izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile inenkomba ephezulu ye-refractive kanye nokuhlakazeka okuphansi. Iwuhlobo olusha lwengilazi ye-optical. Ingilazi ye-Phosphate isebenzisa i-P 2 O 5 njengengxenye eyinhloko, inenkomba ephansi ye-refractive kanye ne-dispersion ephansi, futhi isetshenziswa kumathuluzi optical.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingilazi ihlukaniswe ingilazi eqinile, ingilazi enezimbotshana (okungukuthi, ingilazi yegwebu, enobukhulu obungama-pore obungaba ngu-40, esetshenziselwa ukukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle, ukuhlunga igciwane, njll.) ngokuya nezici zokusebenza, ingilazi eqhubayo (esetshenziswa njengama-electrode kanye nendiza. ama-windshields), ingilazi-ceramics , ingilazi ye-Opal (esetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa, njll.) kanye nengilazi engenalutho (esetshenziswa njengomnyango nengilazi yefasitela), njll.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza Izinto eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ingilazi yizindikimba ezakha ingilazi, ukulungiswa kwengilazi nokuphakathi kwengilazi, kanti okunye kuyizinsiza zokusetshenziswa. Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zibhekisela kuma-oxide angeniswe engilazini ukuze akhe inethiwekhi, ama-oxide aphakathi nendawo nama-oxide angaphandle kwenethiwekhi; izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisizayo zifaka izinto ezicacisayo, ama-fluxes, ama-opacifiers, ama-colorants, ama-decolorants, ama-oxidants nama-ejenti anciphisayo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ingilazi ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa: ①Ukucubungula kwangaphambili kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinezigaxa ziyachotshozwa, izinto ezingavuthiwe ezimanzi ziyayomiswa, futhi izinto ezingavuthiwe ezinensimbi ziyacutshungulwa ukuze zikhishwe insimbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yengilazi. ② Ukulungiswa kwenqwaba yezinto. ③Ukuncibilika. I-batch yengilazi ishiselwa ezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa kuhho lokuhhonela emathangini noma kuhhavini elishisayo ukuze kwakheke iyunifomu, ingilazi ewuketshezi engenabhamuza ehlangabezana nezidingo zokubunjwa. ④Ukwakha. Gcoba ingilazi ewuketshezi ibe imikhiqizo yomumo odingekayo, njengamapuleti ayisicaba, izitsha ezihlukahlukene, njll. ⑤ Ukwelashwa kokushisa. Ngokusebenzisa i-annealing, ukucima kanye nezinye izinqubo, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba noma i-crystallization yengilazi kungaqedwa noma kukhiqizwe, futhi isimo sesakhiwo seglasi singashintshwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Juni-03-2019