Girazi rakatanga kuwanikwa kubva mukuomarara kwematombo ane acidic akaburitswa kubva mumakomo anoputika. Munenge muna 3700 BC, vaIjipita vekare vakanga vagadzira zvishongo zvegirazi uye magirazi akareruka. Panguva iyoyo, kwaingova negirazi rine mavara chete. Anenge 1000 BC, China yakagadzira girazi risina ruvara. Muzana ramakore rechi 12 AD, girazi rekutengesa rakaonekwa uye rakatanga kuve zvinhu zveindasitiri. Muzana remakore rechi18, kuitira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekugadzira teresikopu, girazi remaziso rakagadzirwa. Muna 1873, Belgium yakatanga kugadzira girazi rakatsetseka. Muna 1906, United States yakagadzira girazi rakatsetseka rinotungamira kumuchina. Kubva ipapo, nekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri uye kugadzirwa kwakakura kwegirazi, girazi rekushandisa kwakasiyana-siyana uye zvivakwa zvakasiyana zvakabuda imwe mushure meimwe. Munguva dzazvino, girazi rave chinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kugadzira, uye sainzi uye tekinoroji.
Rudzi rwegirazi rinowanzo kupatsanurwa kuita oxide girazi uye isiri-oxide girazi zvinoenderana nezvikamu zvikuru. Kune mashoma mhando uye huwandu hweiyo isiri-oxide girazi, kunyanya chalcogenide girazi uye halide girazi. Iyo anions yegirazi yechalcogenide kazhinji sarufa, selenium, tellurium, nezvimwewo, inogona kucheka mwenje wenguva pfupi-yakareba uye kupfuura yero, mwenje mutsvuku, uye pedyo uye kure infrared chiedza. Iyo ine yakaderera kuramba uye ine switching uye ndangariro zvinhu. Halide girazi ine yakaderera refractive index uye yakaderera dispersion, uye inonyanya kushandiswa segirazi remaziso.
Oxide girazi rakakamurwa kuita silicate girazi, borate girazi, phosphate girazi uye zvichingodaro. Silicate girazi inoreva girazi rine chikamu chakakosha iSiO 2, ine marudzi mazhinji uye yakakura maapplication. Kazhinji zvinoenderana nezvakasiyana zveSiO 2 uye alkali simbi uye alkaline pasi simbi oxides mugirazi, inokamurwa kuita: ① Quartz girazi. SiO 2 yemukati yakakura kupfuura 99.5%, yakaderera thermal yekuwedzera coefficient, yakakwirira tembiricha kuramba, yakanaka makemikari kugadzikana, ultraviolet mwenje uye infrared light transmission, yakanyanya kunyungudika tembiricha, yakakwirira viscosity, uye yakaoma kuumba. Inonyanya kushandiswa mumasemiconductors, magetsi emagetsi emagetsi, optical communication, lasers uye humwe hunyanzvi uye zviridzwa zvemaziso. ②Girazi resilika rakakwirira. Zvinyorwa zveSiO 2 zvinenge 96%, uye zvinhu zvayo zvakafanana negirazi requartz. ③ Soda lime girazi. Iyo inonyanya kuve neSiO 2 uye zvakare ine 15% Na 2 O uye 16% CaO. Iyo yakaderera mumutengo, iri nyore kuumba, yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura, uye inobuda inoverengera 90% yegirazi inoshanda. Inogona kugadzira zvirongo zvegirazi, girazi rakatsetseka, midziyo, magirobhu emwenje, nezvimwe. ④ Lead silicate girazi. Zvikamu zvikuru iSiO 2 uye PbO, iyo ine yakanyanya refractive index uye yakakwirira vhoriyamu kuramba, uye ine yakanaka yekunyorova nesimbi. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzira mababu, vacuum tube stems, crystalline glassware, flint optical glass, nezvimwewo. Girazi rekutungamira rine huwandu hukuru hwePbO rinogona kuvhara X-rays uye γ-rays. ⑤ Aluminosilicate girazi. NeSiO 2 neAl 2 O 3 sezvikamu zvikuru, ine tembiricha yekunyorovesa yakanyanya uye inoshandiswa kugadzira magirobhu ekuburitsa, mathermometers egirazi anodziya, machubhu ekupisa kemikari uye magirazi fiber. ⑥Borosilicate girazi. NeSiO 2 uye B 2 O 3 sezvikamu zvikuru, ine yakanaka yekudzivirira kupisa uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari. Inoshandiswa kugadzira midziyo yekubikira, midziyo yerabhoritari, girazi resimbi, nezvimwewo girazi reBorate rinonyanya kuumbwa neB 2 O 3, ine tembiricha yekunyungudika yakaderera, uye inogona kuramba ngura nesodium vapor. Girazi yeborate ine zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvine yakakwira refractive index uye yakaderera kupararira. Irwo rudzi rutsva rwegirazi remaziso. Girazi rePhosphate rinoshandisa P 2 O 5 sechinhu chikuru, ine yakaderera refractive index uye yakaderera dispersion, uye inoshandiswa mune optical zviridzwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, girazi rakakamurwa kuita girazi rakaomeswa, girazi rinoputika (kureva, girazi refuro, nehukuru hwepore hunosvika makumi mana, hunoshandiswa pakuchenesa mvura yegungwa, kusefa kwehutachiona, nezvimwewo) zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekuita, girazi rinoitisa (rinoshandiswa semagetsi uye ndege. windshields), girazi-ceramics , Opal girazi (inoshandiswa pakuvhenekesa zvigadziri uye zvinhu zvekushongedza, nezvimwewo) uye girazi risina maburi (rinoshandiswa segonhi uye girazi rehwindo), nezvimwewo.
Magadzirirwo ekugadzira Mamiriro makuru ekugadzira magirazi miviri yekugadzira girazi, gadziriso yegirazi uye yepakati magirazi, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekubatsira. Iyo mikuru yemidziyo inoreva maokisi akaunzwa mugirazi kuti agadzire network, epakati oxides uye off-network oxides; zvekubatsira mbishi zvinhu zvinosanganisira kujekesa, fluxes, opacifiers, colorants, decolorants, oxidants uye zvinoderedza vamiririri.
Iyo yekugadzira girazi maitiro anonyanya kusanganisira: ①Pre-kugadziriswa kwezvinhu. Zvimedu zvine bundu zvinopwanywa, zvinyoro zvinoomeswa, uye simbi ine simbi inogadzirwa kuti ibvise simbi kuitira kuti girazi rive rakanaka. ② Kugadzirira kwezvinhu zvebatch. ③Kunyungudika. Iyo girazi batch zvinhu zvinodziswa pakupisa kwakanyanya muchoto chetangi kana muchoto unopisa kugadzira yunifomu, isina bubble-isina girazi remvura rinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuumbwa. ④Kugadzira. Gadzira girazi remvura kuita zvigadzirwa zvemaumbirwo anodiwa, senge mahwendefa akafuratira, midziyo yakasiyana-siyana, nezvimwe. ⑤ Kupisa. Kuburikidza neannealing, kudzima uye mamwe maitiro, kushushikana kwemukati, kupatsanurwa kwechikamu kana crystallization yegirazi inogona kubviswa kana kugadzirwa, uye chimiro chegirazi chinogona kuchinjwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-03-2019