Ikirahuri cyambere cyabonetse mugukomera kwamabuye acide yasohotse mubirunga. Ahagana mu 3700 mbere ya Yesu, Abanyamisiri ba kera bari bakoze imitako y'ibirahure n'ibikoresho byoroshye. Icyo gihe, hari ikirahure cyamabara gusa. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1000 mbere ya Yesu, Ubushinwa bwakoze ibirahuri bitagira ibara. Mu kinyejana cya 12 nyuma ya Yesu, ibirahuri byubucuruzi byagaragaye kandi bitangira kuba ibikoresho byinganda. Mu kinyejana cya 18, kugira ngo habeho telesikopi ikenewe, hakozwe ikirahure cya optique. Mu 1873, Ububiligi bwakoze bwa mbere ikirahure kibase. Mu 1906, Amerika yakoze ibirahuri binini biganisha kuri mashini. Kuva icyo gihe, hamwe ninganda n’umusaruro munini w’ibirahure, ikirahure cyo gukoresha ibintu bitandukanye hamwe n’imiterere itandukanye yasohotse nyuma yundi. Mu bihe bya none, ikirahure cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi mubuzima bwa buri munsi, umusaruro, na siyansi nikoranabuhanga.
Ubwoko bw'ikirahuri busanzwe bugabanyijemo ibirahuri bya oxyde hamwe nikirahure kitari oxyde ukurikije ibice byingenzi. Hariho ubwoko buke nubwinshi bwikirahure kitari oxyde, cyane cyane ikirahuri cya chalcogenide nikirahure cya halide. Anion yikirahure cya chalcogenide ahanini ni sulfure, seleniyumu, tellurium, nibindi, bishobora guca urumuri rurerure rwumurabyo kandi bigaca urumuri rwumuhondo, umutuku, numucyo wegereye na kure. Ifite imbaraga nke kandi ifite guhinduranya no kwibuka. Ikirahuri cya Halide gifite indangagaciro nkeya kandi ikwirakwizwa, kandi ikoreshwa cyane nkikirahure cyiza.
Ikirahuri cya Oxide kigabanyijemo ibirahuri bya silikate, ikirahure cya borate, ikirahure cya fosifate nibindi. Ikirahuri cya silikate bivuga ikirahuri igice cyibanze ni SiO 2, gifite ubwoko bwinshi nibisabwa mugari. Mubisanzwe ukurikije ibintu bitandukanye biri muri SiO 2 hamwe nicyuma cya alkali na alkaline yisi ibyuma bya oxyde mubirahure, bigabanijwemo: glass Ikirahuri cya Quartz. Ibirimo bya SiO 2 birenze 99.5%, coefficente yo kwagura ubushyuhe buke, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, guhagarara neza kwimiti, urumuri ultraviolet no gukwirakwiza urumuri rwa infragre, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gushonga, ubukonje bwinshi, no kubumba bigoye. Ikoreshwa cyane muri semiconductor, amasoko yumucyo wamashanyarazi, itumanaho ryiza, laseri nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga nibikoresho bya optique. Ikirahure kinini cya silika. Ibiri muri SiO 2 bigera kuri 96%, kandi imiterere yabyo isa niy'ikirahuri cya quartz. ③ Ikirahuri cya soda. Irimo cyane cyane SiO 2 kandi irimo 15% Na 2 O na 16% CaO. Nibiciro biri hasi, byoroshye gushushanya, bikwiranye n’umusaruro munini, kandi ibisohoka bingana na 90% byikirahure gifatika. Irashobora kubyara ibirahuri, ibirahuri binini, ibikoresho, amatara, nibindi. Ibice nyamukuru ni SiO 2 na PbO, bifite indangagaciro yo hejuru cyane kandi irwanya amajwi menshi, kandi ifite amazi meza hamwe nicyuma. Birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora amatara, ibiti bya vacuum, ibirahuri bya kirisiti, ibirahuri bya optique, nibindi. Ikirahure kiyobora kirimo umubare munini wa PbO urashobora guhagarika X-imirasire na γ-imirasire. Glass Ikirahuri cya Aluminosilike. Hamwe na SiO 2 na Al 2 O 3 nkibice byingenzi, ifite ubushyuhe bworoheje kandi ikoreshwa mugukora amatara, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirahure cya termometero, imiyoboro yaka imiti hamwe nudusimba twibirahure. GlassIbirahure. Hamwe na SiO 2 na B 2 O 3 nkibice byingenzi, ifite ubushyuhe bwiza kandi butajegajega. Ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho byo guteka, ibikoresho bya laboratoire, ibirahuri byo gusudira ibyuma, nibindi. Ikirahure cya Borate kigizwe ahanini na B 2 O 3, gifite ubushyuhe buke bwo gushonga, kandi gishobora kurwanya ruswa ikomoka kumyuka ya sodium. Ikirahuri cya borate kirimo ibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka bifite indangagaciro yo kwangirika no gutatana hasi. Nubwoko bushya bwikirahure. Ikirahuri cya fosifate gikoresha P 2 O 5 nkigice cyingenzi, gifite indangagaciro nkeya kandi ikwirakwizwa, kandi ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya optique.
Byongeye kandi, ikirahuri kigabanyijemo ibirahure bikaze, ikirahure cyinshi (ni ukuvuga ikirahure cya furo, gifite ubunini bwa pore bugera kuri 40, bukoreshwa mu kwangiza amazi yo mu nyanja, kuyungurura virusi, nibindi) ukurikije ibiranga imikorere, ikirahure kiyobora (gikoreshwa nka electrode nindege ibirahuri), ibirahuri-ceramika, ikirahure cya Opal (gikoreshwa mubikoresho byo kumurika nibintu bishushanya, nibindi) hamwe nikirahure cyuzuye (gikoreshwa nkikirahure nidirishya), nibindi.
Uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro Ibikoresho fatizo byingenzi byo gukora ibirahure ni imibiri ikora ibirahure, guhinduranya ibirahuri hamwe n’ibirahure, naho ibindi ni ibikoresho fatizo bifasha. Ibikoresho by'ibanze bivuga okiside yinjijwe mu kirahure kugirango ibe urusobe, oxyde intera intera na oxyde yo hanze; ibikoresho fatizo bifasha birimo ibisobanuro, fluxes, opacifiers, amabara, amabara meza, okiside no kugabanya ibintu.
Ibikorwa byo gukora ibirahuri bikubiyemo ahanini: ①Gutunganya-ibikoresho fatizo. Ibikoresho bibisi byuzuye byajanjaguwe, ibikoresho bibisi bitose byumye, kandi ibikoresho fatizo birimo ibyuma bitunganyirizwa gukuramo ibyuma kugirango ubuziranenge bwikirahure. Gutegura ibikoresho. Gushonga. Ibikoresho by'ikirahuri bishyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi mu itanura rya tanki cyangwa itanura rikomeye kugirango habeho ikirahuri kimwe, kitarimo ibibyimba byamazi byujuje ibisabwa. OrmForming. Gutunganya ikirahuri cyamazi mubicuruzwa bisabwa, nk'isahani iringaniye, ibikoresho bitandukanye, n'ibindi treatment Kuvura ubushyuhe. Binyuze muri annealing, kuzimya nibindi bikorwa, guhangayika imbere, gutandukanya icyiciro cyangwa korohereza ikirahuri birashobora kuvaho cyangwa kubyara, kandi imiterere yikirahure irashobora guhinduka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-03-2019