Lub iav yog Ameslikas tau los ntawm solidification ntawm acidic pob zeb ejected los ntawm volcanoes. Kwv yees li 3700 BC, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau ua iav ornaments thiab iav yooj yim. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas muaj cov iav xim xwb. Txog 1000 BC, Tuam Tshoj ua cov iav tsis muaj xim. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th AD, coj mus muag iav tau tshwm sim thiab pib los ua cov khoom lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, thiaj li ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev tsim telescopes, optical iav tau tsim. Xyoo 1873, Belgium thawj zaug tsim cov iav tiaj tus. Xyoo 1906, Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim cov iav ca ua rau lub tshuab. Txij thaum ntawd los, nrog rau industrialization thiab loj-scale zus tau tej cov iav, iav ntawm ntau yam kev siv thiab ntau yam khoom tau tuaj tawm ib tom qab. Niaj hnub no, iav tau dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub, kev tsim khoom, thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Hom iav feem ntau muab faib ua oxide iav thiab cov iav uas tsis yog oxide raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb. Muaj ob peb hom thiab ntau ntawm cov iav uas tsis yog oxide, feem ntau yog chalcogenide iav thiab halide iav. Cov anions ntawm chalcogenide iav feem ntau yog sulfur, selenium, tellurium, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem txiav tawm lub teeb luv luv thiab hla lub teeb daj, liab, thiab ze thiab deb infrared teeb. Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv tsawg thiab muaj kev hloov pauv thiab kev nco zoo. Halide iav muaj qhov ntsuas qis qis thiab qis qis, thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua cov iav kho qhov muag.
Oxide iav tau muab faib ua silicate iav, borate iav, phosphate iav thiab lwm yam. Silicate iav yog hais txog cov iav uas nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog SiO 2, uas muaj ntau yam thiab dav siv. Feem ntau raws li cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm SiO 2 thiab alkali hlau thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau oxides hauv iav, nws muab faib ua: ① Quartz iav. SiO 2 cov ntsiab lus yog ntau dua 99.5%, qis thermal expansion coefficient, kub tsis kam, zoo tshuaj stability, ultraviolet lub teeb thiab infrared lub teeb kis tau tus mob, siab melting kub, siab viscosity, thiab nyuaj molding. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv semiconductors, hluav taws xob lub teeb qhov chaw, kev sib txuas lus kho qhov muag, lasers thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis thiab cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag. ② High silica iav. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm SiO 2 yog hais txog 96%, thiab nws cov khoom zoo ib yam li cov iav quartz. ③ Soda txiv qaub iav. Nws feem ntau muaj SiO 2 thiab tseem muaj 15% Na 2 O thiab 16% CaO. Nws yog tus nqi qis, yooj yim rau cov duab, haum rau kev tsim khoom loj, thiab nws cov khoom tso tawm rau 90% ntawm cov iav siv tau. Nws tuaj yeem tsim lub khob iav, iav tiaj tus, cov tais diav, lub teeb pom kev zoo, thiab lwm yam. ④ Lead silicate iav. Lub ntsiab Cheebtsam yog SiO 2 thiab PbO, uas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws refractive index thiab siab ntim kuj, thiab muaj zoo wettability nrog hlau. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov muag teev, lub tshuab nqus tsev stems, crystalline glassware, flint optical iav, thiab lwm yam. Cov iav txhuas uas muaj ntau ntawm PbO tuaj yeem thaiv X-rays thiab γ-rays. ⑤ Aluminosilicate iav. Nrog SiO 2 thiab Al 2 O 3 yog cov khoom tseem ceeb, nws muaj qhov kub thiab txias thiab siv los ua cov qhov muag teev tawm, cov ntsuas kub kub kub, cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov iav fibers. ⑥ Borosilicate iav. Nrog SiO 2 thiab B 2 O 3 ua cov khoom tseem ceeb, nws muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov. Nws yog siv los ua cov tais diav, cov cuab yeej kuaj, hlau vuam iav, thiab lwm yam. Borate iav feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm B 2 O 3, muaj qhov kub thiab txias, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus corrosion los ntawm sodium vapor. Cov iav borate uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb muaj qhov ntsuas siab refractive thiab qis dispersion. Nws yog ib hom tshiab ntawm optical iav. Phosphate iav siv P 2 O 5 ua cov khoom tseem ceeb, muaj qhov ntsuas qis qis thiab tsis tshua muaj kev tawg, thiab siv rau hauv cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag.
Tsis tas li ntawd, iav tau muab faib ua cov iav toughened, iav ntxeem tau (piv txwv li, iav ua npuas ncauj, nrog lub pore loj txog 40, siv rau seawater desalination, kab mob pom, thiab lwm yam) raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo, iav conductive (siv raws li electrodes thiab aircraft. windshields), iav-ceramics, Opal iav (siv rau cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov iav hollow (siv lub qhov rooj thiab qhov rais iav), thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov iav yog iav tsim lub cev, hloov kho iav thiab iav intermediates, thiab tus so yog cov khoom siv raw. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog xa mus rau cov oxides nkag rau hauv iav los tsim lub network, nruab nrab oxides thiab off-network oxides; auxiliary raw khoom muaj xws li clarifiers, fluxes, opacifiers, colorants, decolorants, oxidants thiab txo tus neeg sawv cev.
Cov txheej txheem iav ntau lawm suav nrog: ① Ua ntej ua cov khoom siv raw. Cov lumpy raw cov ntaub ntawv yog crushed, cov ntaub ntawv ntub dej yog qhuav, thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj hlau yog ua tiav rau hlau tshem tawm los xyuas kom meej lub iav zoo. ② Kev npaj cov khoom siv batch. ③ Qhuav. Cov khoom siv iav batch yog rhuab ntawm qhov kub siab hauv lub tank kiln los yog crucible kiln los tsim ib tug zoo li, tsis muaj npuas-dawb kua iav uas ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau molding. ④ Kev tsim kho. Ua kua iav rau hauv cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau ua, xws li daim hlau tiaj tus, ntau yam khoom siv, thiab lwm yam. ⑤ Kev kho cua sov. Los ntawm annealing, quenching thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, kev ntxhov siab sab hauv, theem sib cais lossis crystallization ntawm lub khob tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm lossis tsim tawm, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub khob tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-03-2019