Khalase qalong e ile ea fumanoa ho tiea ha mafika a asiti a nkiloeng libakeng tse foqohang seretse se chesang. Hoo e ka bang 3700 BC, Baegepeta ba boholo-holo ba ne ba entse mekhabiso ea khalase le lisebelisoa tse bonolo tsa khalase. Ka nako eo, ho ne ho e-na le likhalase tse mebala feela. Hoo e ka bang 1000 BC, Chaena e ile ea etsa likhalase tse se nang mebala. Lekholong la bo12 la lilemo AD, likhalase tsa khoebo li ile tsa hlaha 'me tsa qala ho fetoha thepa ea indasteri. Lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, e le ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa ho hlahisa libonela-hōle, ho ile ha hlahisoa khalase ea optical. Ka 1873, Belgium e ile ea qala ho hlahisa khalase e bataletseng. Ka 1906, United States e ile ea hlahisa khalase e bataletseng e lebisang mochine. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ka nts'etsopele ea indasteri le tlhahiso e kholo ea likhalase, likhalase tsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng le thepa e fapaneng li tsoile ka mor'a e 'ngoe. Mehleng ea kajeno, khalase e fetohile ntho ea bohlokoa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, tlhahiso, saense le theknoloji.
Mofuta oa khalase hangata o arotsoe ka khalase ea oxide le khalase ea non-oxide ho latela likarolo tse kholo. Ho na le mefuta e fokolang le palo ea likhalase tse se nang oxide, haholo-holo khalase ea chalcogenide le khalase ea halide. Li-anion tsa khalase ea chalcogenide hangata ke sebabole, selenium, tellurium, joalo-joalo, e ka felisang leseli le khuts'oane le ho fetisa leseli le mosehla, le lefubelu, le leseli le haufi le le hole la infrared. E na le khanyetso e tlase 'me e na le lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola le ho hopola. Khalase ea Halide e na le index e tlase ea refractive le low dispersion, 'me e sebelisoa haholo joalo ka khalase ea optical.
Khalase ea oxide e arotsoe ka khalase ea silicate, khalase ea borate, khalase ea phosphate joalo-joalo. Khalase ea silicate e bua ka khalase eo karolo ea eona ea motheo e leng SiO 2, e nang le mefuta e mengata le lisebelisoa tse pharaletseng. Hangata ho ea ka litaba tse fapaneng tsa SiO 2 le tšepe ea alkali le alkaline earth metal oxides ka khalase, e arotsoe ka: ① khalase ea quartz. Likahare tsa SiO 2 li kholo ho feta 99.5%, coefficient e tlase ea mocheso oa mocheso, ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng, botsitso bo botle ba lik'hemik'hale, khanya ea ultraviolet le ho fetisoa ha leseli la infrared, mocheso o phahameng o qhibilihisang, viscosity e phahameng, le ho bōptjoa ho thata. E sebelisoa haholo ho li-semiconductors, mehloli ea leseli la motlakase, puisano ea optical, lasers le mahlale a mang le lisebelisoa tsa optical. ②Khalase e phahameng ea silica. Likahare tsa SiO 2 li ka ba 96%, 'me thepa ea eona e tšoana le ea khalase ea quartz. ③ Khalase ea lime ea soda. Haholo-holo e na le SiO 2 hape e na le 15% Na 2 O le 16% CaO. E theko e tlaase, e bonolo ho e bōpa, e loketse tlhahiso e kholo, 'me tlhahiso ea eona e etsa karolo ea 90% ea khalase e sebetsang. E ka hlahisa linkho tsa khalase, likhalase tse sephara, lisebelisoa, mabone a khanyang, joalo-joalo. ④ Khalase ea lead silicate. Likarolo tse kholo ke SiO 2 le PbO, tse nang le index e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea refractive le khanyetso ea molumo o phahameng, 'me li na le metsi a matle ka litšepe. Li ka sebelisoa ho etsa bulbs, vacuum tube stems, crystalline glassware, lejoe le thata la khalase, joalo-joalo. Khalase ea lead e nang le palo e kholo ea PbO e ka thibela mahlaseli a X-ray le γ-rays. ⑤ Khalase ea Aluminosilicate. Ka SiO 2 le Al 2 O 3 e le likarolo tse ka sehloohong, e na le mocheso o phahameng oa ho nolofatsa 'me o sebelisetsoa ho etsa li-bulbs tse ntšang metsi, li-thermometer tsa khalase tse nang le mocheso o phahameng, li-tubes tse tukang lik'hemik'hale le likhoele tsa khalase. ⑥Khalase ea Borosilicate. Ka SiO 2 le B 2 O 3 e le likarolo tse ka sehloohong, e na le ho hanyetsa mocheso o motle le botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale. E sebelisetsoa ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha, lisebelisoa tsa laboratori, khalase ea tšepe ea tšepe, joalo-joalo Khalase ea Borate e entsoe haholo-holo ka B 2 O 3, e na le mocheso o tlaase o qhibilihisang, 'me o ka hanela ho bola ka mouoane oa sodium. Khalase ea borate e nang le likarolo tse sa tloaelehang tsa lefats'e e na le index e phahameng ea refractive le dispersion e tlase. Ke mofuta o mocha oa khalase ea optical. Khalase ea Phosphate e sebelisa P 2 O 5 e le karolo e ka sehloohong, e na le index e tlaase ea refractive le low dispersion, 'me e sebelisoa ka lisebelisoa tsa optical.
Ho phaella moo, khalase e arotsoe ka khalase e thata, khalase ea porous (ke hore, khalase ea foam, e nang le pore ea boholo ba hoo e ka bang 40, e sebelisetsoang ho ntša metsi a leoatleng, ho hloekisa kokoana-hloko, joalo-joalo) ho ea ka litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso, khalase ea conductive (e sebelisoang e le li-electrode le lifofane. likhalase tsa moea), likhalase-ceramics , Khalase ea Opal (e sebelisetsoang lisebelisoa tsa mabone le lintho tse khabisitsoeng, joalo-joalo) le likhalase tse se nang letho (tse sebelisoang e le khalase ea monyako le fensetere), joalo-joalo.
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa tlhahiso ea likhalase ke 'mele e etsang likhalase, litokiso tsa likhalase le li-intermediates tsa khalase,' me tse ling kaofela ke lisebelisoa tse thusang. Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tse tala li bua ka li-oxide tse kentsoeng ka khalase ho etsa marang-rang, li-oxide tse bohareng le li-oxide tsa off-network; lisebelisoa tse thusang tse tala li kenyelletsa li-clarifiers, fluxes, opacifiers, colorants, decolorants, oxidants le reduction agents.
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea likhalase haholo-holo e kenyelletsa: ①Ho sebetsa pele ho lisebelisoa tse tala. Lihlahisoa tse tala lia siloa, lisebelisoa tse tala lia omisoa, 'me lihlahisoa tse nang le tšepe lia lokisoa bakeng sa ho ntša tšepe ho netefatsa boleng ba khalase. ② Tokiso ea lisebelisoa tsa batch. ③ Ho qhibiliha. Thepa ea batch ea khalase e futhumatsoa ka mocheso o phahameng ka sebōping sa tanka kapa sebōping sa crucible ho etsa khalase ea metsi e sa tšoaneng, e se nang bubble e finyellang litlhoko tsa ho bōpa. ④Ho theha. Etsa likhalase tsa metsi ka lihlahisoa tsa libopeho tse hlokahalang, joalo ka lipoleiti tse bataletseng, lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, joalo-joalo ⑤ Phekolo ea mocheso. Ka li-annealing, quenching le mekhoa e meng, khatello ea ka hare, karohano ea karolo kapa crystallization ea khalase e ka felisoa kapa ea hlahisoa, 'me boemo ba sebopeho sa khalase bo ka fetoloa.
Nako ea poso: Phup-03-2019