Ua kiʻi mua ʻia ke aniani mai ka paʻa ʻana o nā pōhaku ʻakika i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā lua pele. Ma kahi o 3700 BC, ua hana ko ʻAigupita kahiko i nā mea aniani a me nā mea aniani maʻalahi. I kēlā manawa, he aniani kala wale nō. Ma kahi o 1000 BC, hana ʻo Kina i ke aniani kala ʻole. I ke kenekulia 12 AD, ua ʻike ʻia ke aniani kalepa a hoʻomaka e lilo i mea ʻenehana. I ke kenekulia 18, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā telescopes, ua hana ʻia ke aniani optical. I ka makahiki 1873, ua hana mua ʻo Belgium i ke aniani pālahalaha. I ka makahiki 1906, ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika i ke aniani pālahalaha e alakaʻi ana i ka mīkini. Mai ia manawa, me ka hana ʻenehana a me ka hana nui o ke aniani, ua puka mai ke aniani o nā hoʻohana like ʻole a me nā waiwai like ʻole. I kēia manawa, ua lilo ke aniani i mea nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ka hana ʻana, a me ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano aniani i ke aniani oxide a me ke aniani non-oxide e like me nā mea nui. He liʻiliʻi nā ʻano a me ka nui o ke aniani non-oxide, ka nui o ke aniani chalcogenide a me ke aniani halide. ʻO nā anion o ke aniani chalcogenide ka nui o ka sulfur, selenium, tellurium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻoki i ke kukui lōʻihi pōkole a hala i ke kukui melemele, ʻulaʻula, a me nā kukui infrared kokoke a mamao. He haʻahaʻa kona kūpaʻa a loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai hoʻololi a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. ʻO ke aniani Halide ka haʻahaʻa refractive index a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ke aniani optical.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke aniani oxide i ke aniani silicate, ke aniani borate, ke aniani phosphate a pēlā aku. ʻO ke aniani silicate e pili ana i ke aniani nona ka mea kumu ʻo SiO 2, he nui nā ʻano a me nā noi ākea. ʻO ka maʻamau e like me ka ʻokoʻa o ka SiO 2 a me ka metala alkali a me ka honua alkaline metala oxides i loko o ke aniani, ua māhele ʻia i: ① Quartz aniani. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻike SiO 2 ma mua o 99.5%, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hoʻonui hoʻonui wela, kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, kukui ultraviolet a me nā kukui infrared, wela hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe viscosity, a paʻakikī i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā semiconductor, nā kumu kukui uila, kamaʻilio optical, nā lasers a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe a me nā mea hana optical. ②Ke aniani silica kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka maʻiʻo o SiO 2 ma kahi o 96%, a ua like kona waiwai me nā aniani quartz. ③ aniani lime soda. Loaʻa iā ia ka SiO 2 a loaʻa pū kekahi 15% Na 2 O a me 16% CaO. He haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, maʻalahi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia, kūpono no ka hana nui, a ʻo kāna huahana he 90% o ke aniani hana. Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā ipu aniani, ke aniani pālahalaha, nā ipu, nā ʻōpuʻu kukui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ④ Lead silicate glass. ʻO nā mea nui ʻo SiO 2 a me PbO, nona ka helu refractive kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa leo kiʻekiʻe, a loaʻa ka pulu maikaʻi me nā metala. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpuʻu, nā ʻōpuʻu ʻawaʻawa, nā ipu aniani crystalline, ke aniani optical flint, etc. Hiki i ke aniani alakaʻi i loko o ka nui o PbO ke ālai i nā kukui X a me nā kukui γ. ⑤ aniani Aluminosilicate. Me ka SiO 2 a me Al 2 O 3 e like me nā mea nui, loaʻa iā ia kahi mahana palupalu kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā puʻupuʻu hoʻokuʻu, nā thermometer aniani kiʻekiʻe, nā paipu puhi kemika a me nā fiber aniani. ⑥Ke aniani Borosilicate. Me ka SiO 2 a me B 2 O 3 e like me nā mea nui, loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa kemika. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kuke kuke, nā mea hana keʻena hana, ke aniani kuʻihao metala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke aniani Borate ka mea nui i haku ʻia me B 2 O 3, he haʻahaʻa hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa, a hiki ke pale i ka corrosion e ka mahu sodium. ʻO ke aniani borate e loaʻa ana nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele he kiʻekiʻe ka helu refractive a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. He ʻano aniani ʻōpika hou. Hoʻohana ke aniani Phosphate i ka P 2 O 5 ma ke ʻano he mea nui, he haʻahaʻa refractive index a haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hana optical.
Eia kekahi, ua māhele ʻia ke aniani i ke aniani toughened, aniani porous (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke aniani pahu, me ka nui o ka pore ma kahi o 40, hoʻohana ʻia no ka desalination o ke kai, virus filtration, etc.) e like me nā ʻano hana, conductive aniani (hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā electrodes a me nā mokulele. nā pale makani), aniani-ceramics , aniani Opal (hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea kukui a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, etc.) a me ke aniani hollow (hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke aniani puka a me ka puka aniani), etc.
Kaʻina hana ʻO nā mea maka nui no ka hana aniani he mau kino hana aniani, hoʻoponopono aniani a me nā intermediates aniani, a ʻo ke koena he mau mea kōkua. ʻO nā mea waiwai nui e pili ana i nā oxides i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ke aniani e hana i ka pūnaewele, nā oxides waena a me nā oxides waho; ʻO nā mea waiwai kōkua e loaʻa nā clarifiers, fluxes, opacifiers, colorants, decolorants, oxidants a me nā mea hōʻemi.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana aniani ka mea nui: ①Pre-processing o nā mea maka. Hoʻopiʻiʻia nā mea'ōpuʻu puʻupuʻu, hoʻomaloʻoʻia nā mea maloʻo maloʻo, a ua hanaʻia nā mea hao i loko o ka hao no ka weheʻana i ka hao e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ke aniani. ② Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hana pūʻulu. ③E hoohehee ana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka mea kīʻaha kīʻaha i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe i loko o kahi pahu pahu a i ʻole kahi kīʻaha crucible e hana ai i kahi aniani wai ʻaʻahu ʻole i kū i nā koi hoʻoheheʻe. ④Hoʻokumu. E hana i ke aniani wai i nā huahana o nā ʻano i makemake ʻia, e like me nā pā pālahalaha, nā ʻano mea like ʻole, a pēlā aku. ⑤ Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela. Ma o ka annealing, quenching a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia a hana ʻia ke koʻikoʻi kūloko, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a i ʻole ka crystallization o ke aniani, a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o ke aniani.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iun-03-2019