Iglasi ekuqaleni yafunyanwa ekuqinisweni kwamatye aneasidi akhutshiwe kwiintaba-mlilo. Malunga ne-3700 BC, amaJiphutha amandulo ayenze imihlobiso yeglasi kunye ne-glassware elula. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho iglasi enemibala kuphela. Malunga ne-1000 BC, iChina yenza iglasi engenambala. Ngenkulungwane ye-12 ye-AD, iglasi yorhwebo yavela kwaye yaqala ukuba yinto yoshishino. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuphuhlisa iiteleskopu, kwaveliswa iglasi yokukhanya. Ngowe-1873, iBelgium yaqala ukuvelisa iglasi ecaba. Ngowe-1906, iUnited States yavelisa iglasi ethe tyaba ekhokelela kumatshini. Ukusukela ngoko, kunye noshishino kunye nemveliso enkulu yeglasi, iglasi yokusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo ziye zaphuma enye emva kwenye. Kule mihla, iglasi ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, imveliso, kunye nesayensi kunye neteknoloji.
Uhlobo lweglasi luhlala luhlulwe kwiglasi ye-oxide kunye neglasi ye-non-oxide ngokwezinto eziphambili. Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa kunye nezixa zeglasi engeyiyo-oxide, ngakumbi iglasi ye-chalcogenide kunye neglasi ye-halide. Iianion zeglasi ye-chalcogenide ubukhulu becala isulfure, i-selenium, i-tellurium, njl., Enokunqumla ukukhanya okufutshane kunye nokukhanya okutyheli, okubomvu, kunye nokukhanya okukufuphi nokude kwe-infrared. Inokumelana okuphantsi kwaye ineempawu zokutshintsha kunye nememori. Iglasi yeHalide inesalathiso esisezantsi serefractive kunye ne-low dispersion, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu njengeglasi yokubona.
Iglasi ye-oxide yohlulwe kwiglasi ye-silicate, iglasi yeborate, iglasi yephosphate njalo njalo. Iglasi ye-silicate ibhekisela kwiglasi eyinxalenye esisiseko yiSiO 2, eneentlobo ezininzi kunye nezicelo ezibanzi. Ngokwesiqhelo ngokomxholo owahlukileyo we-SiO 2 kunye nentsimbi yealkali kunye neeoksidi zesinyithi zomhlaba zealkali kwiglasi, yohlulwe ibe: ① Iglasi yequartz. Umxholo we-SiO 2 mkhulu kune-99.5%, i-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukuzinza kweekhemikhali okulungileyo, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya kwe-infrared, ukushisa okuphezulu okunyibilikayo, i-viscosity ephezulu, kunye nokubumba okunzima. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-semiconductors, imithombo yokukhanya kombane, unxibelelwano lwe-optical, i-laser kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kunye nezixhobo zokukhanya. ②Iglasi ye-silica ephezulu. Umxholo we-SiO 2 umalunga ne-96%, kwaye iimpawu zayo zifana neglasi ye-quartz. ③ Iglasi ye-soda yekalika. Ngokukodwa iqulethe iSiO 2 kwaye iqulethe i-15% Na 2 O kunye ne-16% yeCaO. Ixabiso eliphantsi, kulula ukubumba, lilungele imveliso enkulu, kwaye iziphumo zayo zibalelwa kwi-90% yeglasi ebonakalayo. Inokuvelisa iingqayi zeglasi, iglasi esicaba, izixhobo, iiglowubhu ezikhanyayo, njl.njl. ④ Iglasi ye-silicate ekhokelayo. Amacandelo aphambili yi-SiO 2 kunye ne-PbO, ene-index ephezulu ye-refractive kunye nokumelana nomthamo ophezulu, kwaye ibe nokumanzi kakuhle ngeentsimbi. Zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-bulbs, i-vacuum tube stems, i-crystalline glassware, i-flint optical glass, njl. Iglasi ekhokelayo equlethe isixa esikhulu se-PbO inokuvala ii-X-reyi kunye ne-γ-reyi. ⑤ Iglasi yeAluminosilicate. Nge-SiO 2 kunye ne-Al 2 O 3 njengamacandelo aphambili, inobushushu obuphezulu bokuthambisa kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-bulbs zokukhupha, i-thermometers yeglasi ephezulu yokushisa, iityhubhu zokutshisa iikhemikhali kunye nemicu yeglasi. ⑥Iglasi yeBorosilicate. Nge-SiO 2 kunye ne-B 2 O 3 njengamacandelo aphambili, inokumelana nokushisa okulungileyo kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokupheka, izixhobo zebhubhoratri, iglasi yentsimbi yentsimbi, njl njl. Iglasi yeBorate iqulunqwe ikakhulu nguB 2 O 3, inobushushu obuphantsi obunyibilikayo, kwaye inokuxhathisa ukubola ngumphunga wesodium. Iglasi ye-borate equlethe izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zinesalathisi esiphezulu se-refractive kunye ne-dispersion ephantsi. Ludidi olutsha lweglasi yamehlo. Iglasi yePhosphate isebenzisa i-P 2 O 5 njengenxalenye ephambili, inesalathisi esisezantsi se-refractive index kunye ne-dispersion ephantsi, kwaye isetyenziswe kwizixhobo ze-optical.
Ukongeza, iglasi yahlulwe ibe yiglasi eqinisiweyo, iglasi enombhobho (oko kukuthi, iglasi yegwebu, enobungakanani bepore emalunga nama-40, esetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle, ukuhluzwa kwentsholongwane, njl.njl.) ngokweempawu zokusebenza, iglasi eqhubayo (esetyenziswa njenge-electrode kunye nenqwelomoya. ii-windshields), i-glass-ceramics , i-Opal glass (esetyenziselwa izixhobo zokukhanyisa kunye nezinto zokuhlobisa, njl.) kunye neglasi engenanto (esetyenziswa njengomnyango kunye neglasi yefestile), njl.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa Izinto eziphambili zemveliso yeglasi yimizimba eyenza iglasi, ukulungiswa kweglasi kunye ne-glass intermediates, kwaye ezinye ziyizinto ezincedisayo. Izinto eziphambili zezinto ezibonakalayo zibhekisela kwii-oxides ezifakwe kwiglasi ukwenza inethiwekhi, i-oxides ephakathi kunye ne-off-network oxides; izinto ezincedisayo ekrwada ziquka izicacisi, i-fluxes, i-opacifiers, i-colorants, i-decolorants, i-oxidants kunye nee-ejenti zokunciphisa.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa iglasi ikakhulu ibandakanya: ①Ukusetyenzwa kwangaphambili kwemathiriyeli ekrwada. Izinto eziluhlaza zityunyuziwe, izinto ezimanzi ekrwada zomiswa, kwaye izinto eziqulathe isinyithi zicutshungulwa ukuze kususwe intsimbi ukuqinisekisa umgangatho weglasi. ② Ukulungiswa kwezinto zebhetshi. ③Ukunyibilika. Izinto zebhetshi zeglasi zifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kwi-tank kiln okanye kwi-crucible kiln ukwenza i-uniform, i-bubble-free glass fluid ehlangabezana neemfuno zokubumba. ④Ukubumba. Yenza iglasi engamanzi kwiimveliso zeemilo ezifunekayo, njengeepleyiti ezisicaba, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, njl. ⑤ Unyango lobushushu. Ngokusebenzisa i-annealing, ukucima kunye nezinye iinkqubo, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukuhlukana kwesigaba okanye i-crystallization yeglasi inokupheliswa okanye yenziwe, kwaye imeko yesakhiwo seglasi ingatshintshwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-03-2019